Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of diuretics and other and unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances (T50)
Clinical Information
1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme - In glycogen or amylopectin synthesis, the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a segment of a 1,4-alpha-glucan chain to a primary hydroxy group in a similar glucan chain. EC 2.4.1.18.
1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This enzyme has alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subunits.
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of methionine by transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. The enzyme can act on mono- or triglutamate derivatives. EC 2.1.1.13.
Acamprosate - Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.
Acanthosis Nigricans - A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.
Acetazolamide - One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)
Acetrizoic Acid - An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.
Acetyl Coenzyme A - Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
Acitretin - An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.
Acyl Coenzyme A - S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.
Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose - Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.
Aldosterone - A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.
Alginates - Salts and esters of ALGINIC ACID that are used as HYDROGELS; DENTAL IMPRESSION MATERIALS, and as absorbent materials for surgical dressings (BANDAGES, HYDROCOLLOID). They are also used to manufacture MICROSPHERES and NANOPARTICLES for DIAGNOSTIC REAGENT KITS and DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS.
Allopurinol - A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.
Almitrine - A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.
Amiloride - A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)
Amino Acids - Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Amino Acids, Acidic - Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.
Amino Acids, Aromatic - Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.
Amino Acids, Basic - Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain - Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.
Amino Acids, Cyclic - A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.
Amino Acids, Diamino - A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.
Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic - A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.
Amino Acids, Essential - Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.
Amino Acids, Neutral - Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins - Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.
Amino Acids, Sulfur - Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.
Aminoacylation - A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the first step in GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Aminomethyltransferase - A one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (TETRAHYDROFOLATES) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and AMMONIA. It is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
Aminorex - An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension.
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome - A disorder of sexual development transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN) gene. Severity of the defect in receptor quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. In these genetic males, the phenotypic spectrum ranges from those with normal female external genitalia, through those with genital ambiguity as in Reifenstein Syndrome, to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY.
Anetoderma - Benign DERMATOSIS caused by a loss of dermal ELASTIC TISSUE resulting in localized sac-like areas of flaccid skin. It can be either primary (idiopathic) or secondary to other skin conditions, PENICILLAMINE use, or premature birth.
Annexin A6 - Protein of the annexin family with a probable role in exocytotic and endocytotic membrane events.
Appetite Depressants - Agents that are used to suppress appetite.
Arginine - An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
Arginine Kinase - An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.
Arginine Vasopressin - The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.
Arginine-tRNA Ligase - An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.19.
Arthritis, Experimental - ARTHRITIS that is induced in experimental animals. Immunological methods and infectious agents can be used to develop experimental arthritis models. These methods include injections of stimulators of the immune response, such as an adjuvant (ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC) or COLLAGEN.
Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase - An acetyltransferase with specificity towards the amine group of aromatic alkylamines (arylalkylamines) such as SEROTONIN. This enzyme is also referred to as serotonin acetylase despite the fact that serotonin acetylation can also occur through the action of broad specificity acetyltransferases such as ARYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE.
Aspartic Acid - One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.
Bacterial Vaccines - Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.
Bemegride - A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.
Bendroflumethiazide - A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)
Benzbromarone - Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.
Benzphetamine - A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222)
beta-Fructofuranosidase - A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.
Betaine - A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betain aldehyde to BETAINE.
Betazole - A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.
Bilirubin - A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
Blood Glucose - Glucose in blood.
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring - Self evaluation of whole blood glucose levels outside the clinical laboratory. A digital or battery-operated reflectance meter may be used. It has wide application in controlling unstable insulin-dependent diabetes.
Bumetanide - A sulfamyl diuretic.
Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination - A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.
Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase - An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and is activated by millimolar concentrations of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Unlike CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE it does not require the second divalent cation for its activity, and is not sensitive to orthovanadate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). A subgroup of EC 3.6.1.3.
Calcitonin - A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide - A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists - Pharmacologic agents that block NOCICEPTIVE PAIN signaling from CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTORS. They may be useful for the treatment of pain associated with MIGRAINE DISORDERS and OSTEOARTHRITIS.
Calcitonin Receptor-Like Protein - A receptor protein that is associated with RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEINS. When bound to RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1 it forms the CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED RECEPTOR. When bound to RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 2 or RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 3 it forms the ADRENOMEDULLIN RECEPTOR.
Calcium - A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Calcium Aluminosilicate - Aluminosilicate salts of calcium, the most common of which are CaAl2Si2O8 and Ca2Al2SiO7; a naturally occurring form in CLAY may be used to treat DIARRHEA.
Calcium Carbonate - Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Calcium Channel Agonists - Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.
Calcium Channel Blockers - A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.
Calcium Channels - Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Calcium Channels, L-Type - Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and non-excitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.
Calcium Channels, N-Type - CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.
Calcium Channels, P-Type - CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.
Calcium Channels, Q-Type - CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.
Calcium Channels, R-Type - CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.
Calcium Channels, T-Type - A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.
Calcium Chelating Agents - Substances that bind to and sequester CALCIUM ions.
Calcium Chloride - A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
Calcium Citrate - A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Calcium Compounds - Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
Calcium Dobesilate - A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.
Calcium Fluoride - Calcium fluoride. Occurring in nature as the mineral fluorite or fluorspar. It is the primary source of fluorine and its compounds. Pure calcium fluoride is used as a catalyst in dehydration and dehydrogenation and is used to fluoridate drinking water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Calcium Gluconate - The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
Calcium Hydroxide - A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.
Calcium Ionophores - Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to CALCIUM ions.
Calcium Isotopes - Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.
Calcium Metabolism Disorders - Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
Calcium Oxalate - The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.
Calcium Phosphates - Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.
Calcium Pyrophosphate - An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).
Calcium Radioisotopes - Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.
Calcium Release Activated Calcium Channels - Specialized calcium channels that localize to the ENDOPLAMSIC RETICULUM and PLASMA MEMBRANE. They contain the pore subunit ORAI1 PROTEIN which is activated by STROMAL INTERACTION MOLECULES upon intracellular calcium depletion.
Calcium Signaling - Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Calcium Sulfate - A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.
Calcium, Dietary - Calcium compounds in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS or in food that supply the body with calcium.
Calcium-Binding Proteins - Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase - A regulatory calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 1; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 2; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 4; and PROTEIN KINASE B. It is a monomeric enzyme that is encoded by at least two different genes.
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1 - A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in a broad variety of mammalian cell types. Its expression is regulated by the action of CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. Several isoforms of this enzyme subtype are encoded by distinct genes.
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 - A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4 - A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in neuronal tissues; T-LYMPHOCYTES and TESTIS. The activity of this enzyme is regulated by its phosphorylation by CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases - A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)
Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents - Hormones and molecules with calcium-regulating hormone-like actions that modulate OSTEOLYSIS and other extra-skeletal activities to maintain calcium homeostasis.
Calcium-Transporting ATPases - Cation-transporting proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the transport of CALCIUM. They differ from CALCIUM CHANNELS which allow calcium to pass through a membrane without the use of energy.
Calmodulin - A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.
Calpain - Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.
Calreticulin - A multifunctional protein that is found primarily within membrane-bound organelles. In the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM it binds to specific N-linked oligosaccharides found on newly-synthesized proteins and functions as a MOLECULAR CHAPERONE that may play a role in PROTEIN FOLDING or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins. In addition calreticulin is a major storage form for CALCIUM and functions as a calcium-signaling molecule that can regulate intracellular calcium HOMEOSTASIS.
Canrenoic Acid - A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.
Canrenone - A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.
Canthaxanthin - A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.
Carboxypeptidase B2 - A carboxypeptidase that removes C-terminal lysine or arginine from peptides and proteins. Carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) is released into the circulation as a proenzyme which is activated by the THROMBIN-THROMBOMODULIN complex. Activated CPB2 is involved in modulating a variety of processes by cleaving and inactivating various circulating proteins and peptides that are its substrates including FIBRIN; KININS; and ANAPHYLATOXINS.
CDP-Diacylglycerol-Inositol 3-Phosphatidyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and CMP from CDP-DIACYLGLYCEROL and MYOINOSITOL.
Ceruletide - A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.
Cetomacrogol - Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.
Chloride Channels - Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.
Chlormerodrin - A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.
Chlorophyll - Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
Chlorophyll A - A form of chlorophyll that absorbs light in the violet to red spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm wavelength range) and reflects green light (500-570 nm wavelength), which imparts the characteristic green color to land plants. It is essential for oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Chlorophyll Binding Proteins - A large family of proteins that have been traditionally classified as the light-harvesting proteins of the photosynthetic reaction complex. Chlorophyll binding proteins are also found in non-photosynthetic settings where they may play a photoprotective role in response to light stress.
Chlorophyllides - Products of the hydrolysis of chlorophylls in which the phytic acid side chain has been removed and the carboxylic acids saponified.
Chlorothiazide - A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812)
Chlorphentermine - A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)
Chlortetracycline - A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.
Chlorthalidone - A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.
Cholecystokinin - A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.
Chondrocalcinosis - Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.
Clodronic Acid - A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.
Clopamide - A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.
Coccidioidin - A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth products of COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS, injected intracutaneously as a test for COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
Coenzyme A - Venoms from jellyfish; CORALS; SEA ANEMONES; etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neuro-toxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.
Coenzyme A Ligases - Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.
Coenzyme A-Transferases - Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.
Colchicine - A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).
Colitis, Collagenous - A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.
Collagen - A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).
Collagen Diseases - Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)
Collagen Type I - The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.
Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain - A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in BONE and SKIN.
Collagen Type II - A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains.
Collagen Type III - A fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(III) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing COLLAGEN TYPE I. It is particularly abundant in BLOOD VESSELS and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics.
Collagen Type IV - A non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of BASEMENT MEMBRANE. Collagen type IV molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. The predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(IV) subunits and one alpha2(IV) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer.
Collagen Type IX - A fibril-associated collagen usually found crosslinked to the surface of COLLAGEN TYPE II fibrils. It is a heterotrimer containing alpha1(IX), alpha2(IX) and alpha3(IX) subunits.
Collagen Type V - A fibrillar collagen found widely distributed as a minor component in tissues that contain COLLAGEN TYPE I and COLLAGEN TYPE III. It is a heterotrimeric molecule composed of alpha1(V), alpha2(V) and alpha3(V) subunits. Several forms of collagen type V exist depending upon the composition of the subunits that form the trimer.
Collagen Type VI - A non-fibrillar collagen that forms a network of MICROFIBRILS within the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The alpha subunits of collagen type VI assemble into antiparallel, overlapping dimers which then align to form tetramers.
Collagen Type VII - A non-fibrillar collagen involved in anchoring the epidermal BASEMENT MEMBRANE to underlying tissue. It is a homotrimer comprised of C-terminal and N-terminal globular domains connected by a central triple-helical region.
Collagen Type VIII - A non-fibrillar collagen originally found in DESCEMET MEMBRANE. It is expressed in endothelial cell layers and in tissues undergoing active remodeling. It is heterotrimer comprised of alpha1(VIII) and alpha2(VIII) chains.
Collagen Type X - A non-fibrillar collagen found primarily in terminally differentiated hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES. It is a homotrimer of three identical alpha1(X) subunits.
Collagen Type XI - A fibrillar collagen found primarily in interstitial CARTILAGE. Collagen type XI is heterotrimer containing alpha1(XI), alpha2(XI) and alpha3(XI) subunits.
Collagen Type XII - A fibril-associated collagen found in many tissues bearing high tensile stress, such as TENDONS and LIGAMENTS. It is comprised of a trimer of three identical alpha1(XII) chains.
Collagen Type XIII - A non-fibrillar collagen found as a ubiquitously expressed membrane- associated protein. Type XIII collagen contains both collagenous and non-collagenous domains along with a transmembrane domain within its N-terminal region.
Collagen Type XVII - A 220 kDa non-fibrillar collagen and basement membrane component. It is involved in healing wounds of the EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL.
Collagen Type XVIII - A non-fibrillar collagen found in BASEMENT MEMBRANE. The C-terminal end of the alpha1 chain of collagen type XVIII contains the ENDOSTATIN peptide, which can be released by proteolytic cleavage.
Collagenases - Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds.
Collagenous Sprue - A malabsorption syndrome characterized by collagenous mucosal lesions of the SMALL INTESTINE, atrophy of MICROVILLI, severe malabsorption, diarrhea, and MALNUTRITION often refractory to a gluten-free diet.
Collectins - A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.
Congo Red - An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring - GLUCOSE MONITORING that measures interstitial glucose concentration continuously throughout the entire day and night. It does not replace traditional HOME BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING.
Corneal Cross-Linking - An ophthalmic treatment used to prevent weakening or bulging of the CORNEA in corneal ECTASIA, e.g., post-LASIK ectasia, KERATOCONUS and pellucid marginal corneal degeneration. It uses UV-A and RIBOFLAVIN to crosslink and strengthen COLLAGEN fibers within the cornea.
Cyanamide - A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
Cyclamates - Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.
Cyclazocine - An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1 - A CALCIUM and CALMODULIN-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily. The three members of this family are referred to as type 1A, type 1B, and type 1C and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition, multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing. Although the type 1 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17), some members of this class have additional specificity for CYCLIC GMP.
Cyclopenthiazide - Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.
Cystamine - A radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. It may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage.
Cysteamine - A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.
Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2 - A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin - A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.
Dermatomyositis - A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)
Dexfenfluramine - The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.
Diatrizoate - A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.
Diatrizoate Meglumine - A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.
Dichlorphenamide - A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.
Dietary Sucrose - Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener.
Diethylpropion - A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290)
Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase - A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of lipoamide by NADH to yield dihydrolipoamide and NAD+. The enzyme is a component of several MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES.
Diphtheria - A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.
Diphtheria Antitoxin - An antitoxin produced against the toxin of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that is used for the treatment of DIPHTHERIA.
Diphtheria Toxin - An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.
Diphtheria Toxoid - The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.
Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine - A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines - Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.
Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine - A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.
Disulfiram - A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Doxapram - A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)
Drug Tolerance - Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.
Durapatite - The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Edetic Acid - A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.
Electrophoresis, Starch Gel - Electrophoresis in which a starch gel (a mixture of amylose and amylopectin) is used as the diffusion medium.
Elongation Factor 2 Kinase - A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that specifically phosphorylates PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2. The enzyme lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE, however it is regulated by phosphorylation by PROTEIN KINASE A and through intramolecular autophosphorylation.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP - An ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM specific chaperone of the HSP70 family. They are involved in folding and oligomerization of secreted and membrane proteins and ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS related UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE.
Enkephalin, Methionine - One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.
Enterochromaffin Cells - A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal MUCOSA, particularly in the glands of PYLORIC ANTRUM; DUODENUM; and ILEUM. These cells secrete mainly SEROTONIN and some neuropeptides. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).
Enteroendocrine Cells - Cells found throughout the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that contain and secrete regulatory PEPTIDE HORMONES and/or BIOGENIC AMINES.
Erythromelalgia - A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.
Ethacrynic Acid - A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.
Ethoxzolamide - A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.
Etretinate - An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic.
Evans Blue - An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.
Excitatory Amino Acid Agents - Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.
Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists - Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists - Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.
Excitatory Amino Acids - Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.
Feminization - Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.
Fenfluramine - A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.
Fibril-Associated Collagens - A family of non-fibrillar collagens that interact with FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS. They contain short triple helical domains interrupted by short non-helical domains and do not form into collagen fibrils.
Fibrillar Collagens - A family of structurally related collagens that form the characteristic collagen fibril bundles seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
Fibroma, Desmoplastic - An extremely rare bone tumor characterized by abundant collagen formation and a fibrous stroma, without evidence of mitosis or pleomorphism. It appears on x-rays as an osteolytic lesion with well-defined margins and must be differentiated from primary fibrosarcoma of bone. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1441)
Ficolins - Soluble oligomeric defense proteins with lectin-like activity. They initiate the LECTIN pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION through attached serine proteases and a primitive OPSONIZATION.
Fludrocortisone - A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.
Fluorescein - A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.
Fluorescein Angiography - Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate - Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.
Fluoresceins - A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.
Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 - A non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is expressed primarily in the BRAIN; OSTEOBLASTS; and LYMPHOID CELLS. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM focal adhesion kinase 2 modulates ION CHANNEL function and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES activity.
Fosfomycin - An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.
Fowlpox - A poxvirus infection of poultry and other birds characterized by the formation of wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic masses (cankers) in the upper digestive and respiratory tracts.
Fructose - A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.
Fructose Intolerance - An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. Patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet.
Fructose Metabolism, Inborn Errors - Inherited abnormalities of fructose metabolism, which include three known autosomal recessive types: hepatic fructokinase deficiency (essential fructosuria), hereditary fructose intolerance, and hereditary fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency. Essential fructosuria is a benign asymptomatic metabolic disorder caused by deficiency in fructokinase, leading to decreased conversion of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate and alimentary hyperfructosemia, but with no clinical dysfunction; may produce a false-positive diabetes test.
Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase Deficiency - An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to absent or deficient fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity. Gluconeogenesis is impaired, resulting in accumulation of gluconeogenic precursors (e.g., amino acids, lactate, ketones) and manifested as hypoglycemia, ketosis, and lactic acidosis. Episodes in the newborn infant are often lethal. Later episodes are often brought on by fasting and febrile infections. As patients age through early childhood, tolerance to fasting improves and development becomes normal.
Fructose-Bisphosphatase - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to D-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.11.
Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase - An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The enzyme also acts on (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates. The yeast and bacterial enzymes are zinc proteins. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) E.C. 4.1.2.13.
Fructosediphosphates - Diphosphoric acid esters of fructose. The fructose-1,6- diphosphate isomer is most prevalent. It is an important intermediate in the glycolysis process.
Fructosephosphates - Diphosphoric acid esters of fructose. The fructose-1,6- diphosphate isomer is most prevalent. It is an important intermediate in the glycolysis process.
Fucosyl Galactose alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetylgalactosamine from UDP N-acetylgalactosamine to various 2-fucosylgalactosides as acceptors. EC 2.4.1.40.
Furosemide - A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Fusaric Acid - A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.
Galactose - An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.
Galactose Dehydrogenases - D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.
Galactose Oxidase - An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.
Galactosemias - A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)
Galactosephosphates - Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.
Galectins - A class of animal lectins that bind specifically to beta-galactoside in a calcium-independent manner. Members of this class are distiguished from other lectins by the presence of a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. The majority of proteins in this class bind to sugar molecules in a sulfhydryl-dependent manner and are often referred to as S-type lectins, however this property is not required for membership in this class.
Ganglioside Galactosyltransferase - Catalyzes the final step in the galactocerebroside biosynthesis pathway.
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide - A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. It is found to be a potent stimulator of INSULIN secretion and a relatively poor inhibitor of GASTRIC ACID secretion.
Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases - Cysteine endoproteinases, from periodontal pathogen PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS, acting as virulence factors associated with PERIODONTITIS. They are produced as pre-proproteins which mature into ARGININE and LYSINE specific endopeptidases.
Glucans - Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
Glucaric Acid - A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.
Glucose - A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase - A glucose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to form D-glucono-1,5-lactone, using NAD as well as NADP as a coenzyme.
Glucose Clamp Technique - Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration.
Glucose Dehydrogenases - D-Glucose:1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.47; EC 1.1.1.118; EC 1.1.1.119 and EC 1.1.99.10.
Glucose Intolerance - A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.
Glucose Metabolism Disorders - Pathological conditions in which the BLOOD GLUCOSE cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in HYPOGLYCEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. Etiology of these disorders varies. Plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Glucose Oxidase - An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.
Glucose Solution, Hypertonic - Solution that is usually 10 percent glucose but may be higher. An isotonic solution of glucose is 5 percent.
Glucose Tolerance Test - A test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of BLOOD GLUCOSE. It includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg).
Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative - A family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. They facilitate passive diffusion of GLUCOSE across the CELL MEMBRANE.
Glucose Transporter Type 1 - A ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal GLUCOSE transport. It is predominately expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and ERYTHROCYTES at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and is responsible for GLUCOSE entry into the BRAIN.
Glucose Transporter Type 2 - A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; LIVER; and KIDNEYS. It may function as a GLUCOSE sensor to regulate INSULIN release and glucose HOMEOSTASIS.
Glucose Transporter Type 3 - A major glucose transporter found in NEURONS.
Glucose Transporter Type 4 - A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.
Glucose Transporter Type 5 - A hexose transporter that mediates FRUCTOSE transport in SKELETAL MUSCLE and ADIPOCYTES and is responsible for luminal uptake of dietary fructose in the SMALL INTESTINE.
Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase - An ATP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the addition of ADP to alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate to form ADP-glucose and diphosphate. The reaction is the rate-limiting reaction in prokaryotic GLYCOGEN and plant STARCH biosynthesis.
Glucose-6-Phosphatase - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.
Glucose-6-Phosphate - An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase - An aldose-ketose isomerase that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. In prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms it plays an essential role in glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. In mammalian systems the enzyme is found in the cytoplasm and as a secreted protein. This secreted form of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase has been referred to as autocrine motility factor or neuroleukin, and acts as a cytokine which binds to the AUTOCRINE MOTILITY FACTOR RECEPTOR. Deficiency of the enzyme in humans is an autosomal recessive trait, which results in CONGENITAL NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase - An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency - A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.
Glucosephosphates - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDPglucose from UTP plus glucose 1-phosphate. EC 2.7.7.9.
Glutathione - A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
Glutathione Disulfide - A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.
Glutathione Peroxidase - An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of GLUTATHIONE in the presence of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to yield oxidized glutathione and water.
Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1 - One of the most abundant isoenzymes of the glutathione peroxidase family. Located in the cytosol and mitochondria, it catalyzes the reduction of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water, functioning to limit the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and modulating processes that utilize hydrogen peroxide; and also the reduction of other organic hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols.
Glutathione Reductase - Catalyzes the oxidation of GLUTATHIONE to GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE in the presence of NADP+. Deficiency in the enzyme is associated with HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA. Formerly listed as EC 1.6.4.2.
Glutathione S-Transferase pi - A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.
Glutathione Synthase - One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.3.
Glutathione Transferase - A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.
Glycemic Control - Strategies used for regulating BLOOD GLUCOSE levels. Such strategies include administration of INSULIN; DIETARY MODIFICATION; and EXERCISE.
Glycerophosphates - Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid.
Glycerophosphoinositol Inositolphosphodiesterase - A phosphoric diester hydrolase with specificity for the cleavage of GLYCEROL from 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol. It also has specificity for hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphate bond in inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate
Glycine - A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Glycine Agents - Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
Glycine Decarboxylase Complex - A enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative DECARBOXYLATION and DEAMINATION of GLYCINE into CARBON DIOXIDE; AMMONIA; NADH; and N5N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is composed of four different component protein components referred to as H, P, L, and T.
Glycine Decarboxylase Complex H-Protein - A LIPOIC ACID-containing protein that plays the pivotal role in the transfer of methylamine groups and reducing equivalents between the three enzymatic components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
Glycine Dehydrogenase - An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidative DEAMINATION of GLYCINE to glyoxylate and AMMONIA in the presence of NAD. In BACTERIA lacking transaminating pathways the enzyme can act in the reverse direction to synthesize glycine from glyoxylate and ammonia and NADH.
Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating) - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of GLYCINE with the transfer of an aminomethyl group to the LIPOIC ACID moiety of the GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE COMPLEX H-PROTEIN. Defects in P-protein are the cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. It is one of four subunits of the glycine decarboxylase complex.
Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase - A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycine and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to form serine. It also catalyzes the reaction of glycine with acetaldehyde to form L-threonine. EC 2.1.2.1.
Glycine max - An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.
Glycine N-Methyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the METHYLATION of GLYCINE using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE to form SARCOSINE with the concomitant production of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE.
Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - A family of sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters that transport the amino acid GLYCINE. They differ from GLYCINE RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GLYCINE. They are located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of NEURONS; GLIAL CELLS; EPITHELIAL CELLS; and RED BLOOD CELLS where they remove inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE.
Glycine Transaminase - A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of GLYCINE onto 2-oxoglutarate to generate GLYOXYLATE and L-GLUTAMATE.
Glycine-tRNA Ligase - An enzyme that activates glycine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.14.
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid - A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Glycocholic Acid - The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.
Glycodeoxycholic Acid - A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I - An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.
Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase - This enzyme catalyzes the last step of CREATINE biosynthesis by catalyzing the METHYLATION of guanidinoacetate to CREATINE.
Gynecomastia - Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.
Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor - An EGF family member that is expressed in a variety of hematopoietic, endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which is cleaved by proteases to produce the secreted form of the protein which has specificity for the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. The membrane-bound form of the protein has been identified as the receptor which binds to and allows DIPHTHERIA TOXIN to enter cells.
Hepatitis B - INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
Hepatitis B Antibodies - Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the e antigens.
Hepatitis B Antigens - Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.
Hepatitis B Core Antigens - The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.
Hepatitis B e Antigens - A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
Hepatitis B Vaccines - Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
Hepatitis B virus - The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
Hepatitis B Virus, Duck - A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.
Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck - An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis B, Chronic - INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
High Fructose Corn Syrup - Syrup made from corn used widely in foods and beverages as a cheaper alternative sweetener to SUCROSE (common table sugar). It is generated by enzymatic processing of natural corn syrup to produce a liquid most widely composed of 42 or 55% FRUCTOSE, GLUCOSE, and various POLYSACCHARIDES.
Hirsutism - A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.
Histone Demethylases - Enzymes that catalyse the removal of methyl groups from LYSINE or ARGININE residues found on HISTONES. Many histone demethylases generally function through an oxidoreductive mechanism.
Histoplasmin - A mitosporic Onygenales fungal genus causing HISTOPLASMOSIS in humans and animals. Its single species is Histoplasma capsulatum which has two varieties: H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii. Its teleomorph is AJELLOMYCES capsulatus.
Hydrochlorothiazide - A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.
Hydroflumethiazide - A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822)
Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives - Starches that have been chemically modified so that a percentage of OH groups are substituted with 2-hydroxyethyl ether groups.
Hyperargininemia - A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic HYPERAMMONEMIA may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)
Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic - An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by deficiencies in the mitochondrial GLYCINE cleavage system.
Hyperkalemia - Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Imino Acids - Carboxylic acids that contain an imino group (C=NH).
Incretins - Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.
Indigo Carmine - Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.
Indocyanine Green - A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.
Inositol - An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate - Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors - Intracellular receptors that bind to INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE and play an important role in its intracellular signaling. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors are calcium channels that release CALCIUM in response to increased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in the CYTOPLASM.
Inositol Oxygenase - A non-heme IRON enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of MYOINOSITOL to D-glucuronic acid. The reaction is the first committed step in MYOINOSITOL catabolic pathway. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.11 and 1.99.2.6.
Inositol Phosphates - Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID.
Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases - Phosphoinositide phosphatases that catalyze the removal of the 5' phosphate from INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE or myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, resulting in inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and phosphate. They have important functions in the metabolism of INOSITOL PHOSPHATES and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling pathways such as CALCIUM SIGNALING.
Intracellular Calcium-Sensing Proteins - Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins that bind to CALCIUM. They undergo allosteric changes when bound to CALCIUM that affects their interaction with other signal-transducing molecules. They differ from CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTORS which sense extracellular calcium levels.
Inulin - A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to FRUCTOSE, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function.
Iodamide - An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)
Iodipamide - A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.
Iodohippuric Acid - An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.
Iodopyracet - An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)
Ioglycamic Acid - A radiopaque medium. It is a mixture of its meglumine and sodium salts and is used to visualize the biliary tract.
Iohexol - An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.
Iopamidol - A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.
Iopanoic Acid - Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.
Ioxaglic Acid - A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.
Ipodate - Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)
Isotretinoin - A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.
Karaya Gum - Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens (STERCULIA). It is used as a suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; a bulk-forming laxative; a surgical lubricant and adhesive; and in the treatment of skin ulcers.
Ketoglutaric Acids - A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)
Lactoylglutathione Lyase - An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of methylglyoxal and lactate, with glutathione serving as a coenzyme. EC 4.4.1.5.
Laminaria - A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Laminariaceae. Dried pencil-like pieces may be inserted in the cervix where they swell as they absorb moisture, serving as osmotic dilators.
Leucovorin - The active metabolite of FOLIC ACID. Leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS.
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex - A member of the S-100 protein family that is present at high levels in the blood and interstitial fluid in several infectious, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis. It is a complex of a light chain (CALGRANULIN A) and a heavy chain (CALGRANULIN B). L1 binds calcium through an EF-hand motif, and has been shown to possess antimicrobial activity.
Levallorphan - An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)
Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes - Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.
Lobeline - An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.
Malonyl Coenzyme A - A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 - A secreted matrix metalloproteinase that plays a physiological role in the degradation of extracellular matrix found in skeletal tissues. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor that is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal propeptide.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 - A member of the MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES that cleaves triple-helical COLLAGEN types I, II, and III.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors - Compounds that inhibit the enzyme activity or activation of MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES.
Mazindol - Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.
Mefruside - A benzene-sulfonamide-furan. It is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the KIDNEY, increases SODIUM CHLORIDE excretion, but may not spare POTASSIUM. It inhibits CARBONIC ANHYDRASES and may increase the blood URIC ACID level.
Mersalyl - A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.
Methazolamide - A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
Methionine - A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.
Methionine Adenosyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. EC 2.5.1.6.
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases - Reductases that catalyze the reaction of peptide-L-methionine -S-oxide + thioredoxin to produce peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H(2)O.
Methionine Sulfoximine - An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. EC 2.5.1.6.
Methionine-tRNA Ligase - An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.
Methionyl Aminopeptidases - Aminopeptidases that remove METHIONINE from the amino-terminus of a peptide chain, such as the initiator METHIONINE found on nascent peptide chains.
Methoxsalen - A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.
Methyclothiazide - A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)
Metoclopramide - A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
Metolazone - A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.
Metrizamide - A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.
Metrizoic Acid - A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.
Metyrapone - An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.
Microbial Collagenase - A metalloproteinase which degrades helical regions of native collagen to small fragments. Preferred cleavage is -Gly in the sequence -Pro-Xaa-Gly-Pro-. Six forms (or 2 classes) have been isolated from Clostridium histolyticum that are immunologically cross-reactive but possess different sequences and different specificities. Other variants have been isolated from Bacillus cereus, Empedobacter collagenolyticum, Pseudomonas marinoglutinosa, and species of Vibrio and Streptomyces. EC 3.4.24.3.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists - Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE.
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins - A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.
Myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of myo-inositol-1-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of NAD. EC 5.5.1.4.
N-Acylsphingosine Galactosyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactose and N-acylsphingosine to D-galactosylceramide and UDP.
Nadroparin - A heparin fraction with a mean molecular weight of 4500 daltons. It is isolated from porcine mucosal heparin and used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Nalorphine - A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.
Naloxone - A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
Naltrexone - Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
Nedocromil - A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.
Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins - A family of intracellular calcium-sensing proteins found predominately in NEURONS and PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They contain EF HAND MOTIFS and undergo conformational changes upon calcium-binding. Neuronal calcium-sensor proteins interact with other regulatory proteins to mediate physiological responses to a change in intracellular calcium concentration.
Nikethamide - A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)
Non-Fibrillar Collagens - A family of structurally-related short-chain collagens that do not form large fibril bundles.
Novobiocin - An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)
N-substituted Glycines - AMINO ACIDS composed of GLYCINE substituted at the nitrogen rather than the usual carbon position, resulting in the loss of HYDROGEN BONDING donors. Polymers of these compounds are called PEPTOIDS.
Obidoxime Chloride - Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.
omega-N-Methylarginine - A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.
Onycholysis - Separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. It can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as ONYCHOMYCOSIS) or tissue injury.
Onychomycosis - A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.
ORAI1 Protein - The pore-forming subunit of calcium release activated calcium channels. It is activated by STROMAL INTERACTION MOLECULE 1 upon intracellular calcium depletion.
Orthohepadnavirus - A genus of HEPADNAVIRIDAE causing HEPATITIS in humans, woodchucks (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK) and ground squirrels. Hepatitis B virus is the type species.
Osteocalcin - Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.
Ototoxicity - Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.
Palmitic Acid - A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A - A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.
Pantothenic Acid - A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.
Pectins - High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Pellagra - A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).
Pemoline - A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.
Penicillamine - 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.
Pentagastrin - A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.
Pentetic Acid - An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.
Pentylenetetrazole - A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.
Peptide PHI - A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
Percutaneous Collagen Induction - An alternative treatment for skin dysfunctions that stimulates COLLAGEN production by encouraging normal WOUND HEALING that occurs after any trauma by inducing microlesions.
Phenmetrazine - A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
Phenolsulfonphthalein - Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.
Phentermine - A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.
Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates - Phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group.
Phosphatidylinositols - Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.
Phosphoamino Acids - Amino acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
Phosphofructokinase-1 - An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. D-tagatose- 6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate also are acceptors. UTP, CTP, and ITP also are donors. In human phosphofructokinase-1, three types of subunits have been identified. They are PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, MUSCLE TYPE; PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, LIVER TYPE; and PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, TYPE C; found in platelets, brain, and other tissues.
Phosphofructokinase-2 - An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric effector for the other 6-phosphofructokinase, PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1. Phosphofructokinase-2 is bifunctional: the dephosphorylated form is a kinase and the phosphorylated form is a phosphatase that breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to yield fructose-6-phosphate.
Phosphoglucomutase - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.
Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C - A type C phospholipase with specificity towards PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS that contain INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE. Many of the enzymes listed under this classification are involved in intracellular signaling.
Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent - A subcategory of structurally-related phospholipases A2 that do not require calcium for activity.
Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase - A selenoenzyme that converts GLUTATHIONE plus FATTY ACID HYDROPEROXIDES to GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE plus hydroxy fatty acids and water.
Phytic Acid - Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.
Picrotoxin - A mixture of PICROTOXININ and PICROTIN that is a noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors acting as a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
Plague Vaccine - A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.
Plasma Membrane Calcium-Transporting ATPases - Calcium-transporting ATPases found on the PLASMA MEMBRANE that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM from the CYTOPLASM into the extracellular space. They play a role in maintaining a CALCIUM gradient across plasma membrane.
Polymyositis - Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)
Polythiazide - A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p826)
Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated - Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.
Priapism - A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.
Probenecid - The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.
Procalcitonin - A peptide prohormone precursor of CALCITONIN. It is normally present at low levels in serum, but is released into the bloodstream, primarily from neuroendocrine cells in the lungs and intestines, in response to INFLAMMATION and BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. It is a diagnostic marker for BACTEREMIA.
Processing Bodies - Cytoplasmic RNP granules constitutively found in eukaryotic cells. Various proteins related to RNA regulation including RNA decay are found in P-bodies. P-bodies and STRESS GRANULES both sequester inactive mRNPs via different pathways. In P-bodies mRNAs from the stalled translational machinery are deadenylated and condensed for sequestration.
Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase - A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of peptidyllysine, usually in protocollagen, to peptidylhydroxylysine. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.4.
Propionic Acidemia - Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.
Propyliodone - Radiopaque medium usually in oil; used in bronchography.
Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione) - An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a protein-disulfide in the presence of glutathione, forming a protein-dithiol. Insulin is one of its substrates. EC 1.8.4.2.
Protein Kinase C - An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases - Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of arginine residues of proteins to yield N-mono- and N,N-dimethylarginine. This enzyme is found in many organs, primarily brain and spleen.
Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase - An enzyme oxidizing peptidyl-lysyl-peptide in the presence of water & molecular oxygen to yield peptidyl-allysyl-peptide plus ammonia & hydrogen peroxide. EC 1.4.3.13.
Pseudohypoaldosteronism - A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum - An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.
Punctal Plugs - Small devices that are inserted into the tear ducts (NASOLACRIMAL DUCTS). They are used to block the drainage of TEARS for the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.
Rabies - Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.
Rabies Vaccines - Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.
Rabies virus - The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.
Racemethionine - A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1 - A receptor activity-modifying protein that is a subunit of specific G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS. The CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTOR is formed from a dimer of this protein and CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN, while an isoform of the ISLET AMYLOID POLYPEPTIDE RECEPTOR is formed from this protein dimerizing with the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR.
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2 - A receptor activity-modifying protein that heterodimerizes with CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN to form the ADRENOMEDULLIN RECEPTOR. In addition, an isoform of the ISLET AMYLOID POLYPEPTIDE RECEPTOR is formed from this protein dimerizing with the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR.
Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 3 - A receptor activity-modifying protein that heterodimerizes with CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN to form the ADRENOMEDULLIN RECEPTOR. In addition, an isoform of the ISLET AMYLOID POLYPEPTIDE RECEPTOR is formed from this protein dimerizing with the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR.
Receptor, Cholecystokinin A - A subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the PANCREAS; STOMACH; INTESTINE; and GALLBLADDER. It plays a role in regulating digestive functions such as gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion and absorption in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Receptor, Cholecystokinin B - A subtype of cholecystokinin receptor found primarily in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the GASTRIC MUCOSA. It may play a role as a neuromodulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission the regulation of GASTRIC ACID secretion from GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A - A serotonin receptor subtype found distributed through the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM where they are involved in neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion. The fact that this serotonin receptor subtype is particularly sensitive to SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS such as BUSPIRONE suggests its role in the modulation of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION.
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B - A serotonin receptor subtype found at high levels in the BASAL GANGLIA and the frontal cortex. It plays a role as a terminal autoreceptor that regulates the rate of SEROTONIN release from nerve endings. This serotonin receptor subtype is closely related to and has similar drug binding properties as the 5-HT1D RECEPTOR. It is particularly sensitive to the agonist SUMATRIPTAN and may be involved in mediating the drug's antimigraine effect.
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1D - A serotonin receptor subtype that is localized to the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; PUTAMEN; the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; the HIPPOCAMPUS, and the RAPHE NUCLEI. It plays a role as a terminal autoreceptor that regulates the rate of SEROTONIN release from nerve endings. This serotonin receptor subtype is closely related to and has similar drug binding properties as the 5-HT1B RECEPTOR, but is expressed at low levels. It is particularly sensitive to the agonist SUMATRIPTAN and may be involved in mediating the drug's antimigrane effect.
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1F - A serotonin receptor subtype found in the GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HIPPOCAMPUS; PUTAMEN; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; and TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL that can modulate the release of CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE from these nerves. Unlike 5-HT1B RECEPTORS, the activation of 5-HT1F receptors does not cause VASOCONSTRICTION. 5-HT1F receptor antagonists are used for the treatment of MIGRAINE.
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A - A serotonin receptor subtype found widely distributed in peripheral tissues where it mediates the contractile responses of variety of tissues that contain SMOOTH MUSCLE. Selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists include KETANSERIN. The 5-HT2A subtype is also located in BASAL GANGLIA and CEREBRAL CORTEX of the BRAIN where it mediates the effects of HALLUCINOGENS such as LSD.
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B - A serotonin receptor subtype found in the BRAIN; HEART; LUNGS; PLACENTA and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM organs. A number of functions have been attributed to the action of the 5-HT2B receptor including the development of cardiac myocytes (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) and the contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C - A serotonin receptor subtype found primarily in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the CHOROID PLEXUS. This receptor subtype is believed to mediate the anorectic action of SEROTONIN, while selective antagonists of the 5-HT2C receptor appear to induce ANXIETY. Several isoforms of this receptor subtype exist, due to adenine deaminase editing of the receptor mRNA.
Receptors, Amino Acid - Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.
Receptors, Calcitonin - Cell surface proteins that bind calcitonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Calcitonin receptors outside the nervous system mediate the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis. The role of calcitonin receptors in the brain is not well understood.
Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide - Cell surface proteins that bind CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the periphery. They are formed via the heterodimerization of the CALCITONIN RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN and RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1.
Receptors, Calcium-Sensing - A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that react to varying extracellular CALCIUM levels. Calcium-sensing receptors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS play an important role in the maintenance of calcium HOMEOSTASIS by regulating the release of PARATHYROID HORMONE. They differ from INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM-SENSING PROTEINS which sense intracellular calcium levels.
Receptors, Cholecystokinin - Cell surface proteins that bind cholecystokinin (CCK) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholecystokinin receptors are activated by GASTRIN as well as by CCK-4; CCK-8; and CCK-33. Activation of these receptors evokes secretion of AMYLASE by pancreatic acinar cells, acid and PEPSIN by stomach mucosal cells, and contraction of the PYLORUS and GALLBLADDER. The role of the widespread CCK receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood.
Receptors, Collagen - Cell surface receptors that modulate signal transduction between cells and the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. They are found in many cell types and are involved in the maintenance and regulation of cell shape and behavior, including PLATELET ACTIVATION and aggregation, through many different signaling pathways and differences in their affinities for collagen isoforms. Collagen receptors include DISCOIDIN DOMAIN RECEPTORS; INTEGRINS; and GP6, one of the PLATELET MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS.
Receptors, Glycine - Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel. GlyA receptor is sensitive to STRYCHNINE and localized in the post-synaptic membrane of inhibitory glycinergic neurons. GlyB receptor is insensitive to strychnine and associated with the excitatory NMDA receptor.
Receptors, Mineralocorticoid - Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind MINERALOCORTICOIDS and mediate their cellular effects. The receptor with its bound ligand acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of specific segments of DNA.
Receptors, Serotonin - Cell-surface proteins that bind SEROTONIN and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1 - A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentially to GI-GO G-PROTEINS resulting in decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP levels.
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2 - A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentially to the GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular levels of INOSITOL PHOSPHATES and free CALCIUM.
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3 - A subclass of serotonin receptors that form cation channels and mediate signal transduction by depolarizing the cell membrane. The cation channels are formed from 5 receptor subunits. When stimulated the receptors allow the selective passage of SODIUM; POTASSIUM; and CALCIUM.
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4 - A subtype of G-protein-coupled SEROTONIN receptors that preferentially couple to GS STIMULATORY G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular CYCLIC AMP. Several isoforms of the receptor exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.
Receptors, Vasopressin - Specific molecular sites or proteins on or in cells to which VASOPRESSINS bind or interact in order to modify the function of the cells. Two types of vasopressin receptor exist, the V1 receptor in the vascular smooth muscle and the V2 receptor in the kidneys. The V1 receptor can be subdivided into V1a and V1b (formerly V3) receptors.
RNA, Transfer, Arg - A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
RNA, Transfer, Gly - A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glycine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
RNA, Transfer, Met - A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes. During initiation of protein synthesis, tRNA(f)Met in prokaryotic cells and tRNA(i)Met in eukaryotic cells binds to the start codon (CODON, INITIATOR).
Rosuvastatin Calcium - A HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR, or statin, that reduces the plasma concentrations of LDL-CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEIN B, and TRIGLYCERIDES while increasing HDL-CHOLESTEROL levels in patients with HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA and those at risk for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
Rubella Vaccine - A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel - A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.
S100 Calcium Binding Protein G - A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.
S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4 - An S100 protein characterized by four helix bundles that form N- and C-terminal EF HAND MOTIFS. It functions as a homodimer and interacts with both intracellular and extracellular signaling proteins. Aberrant S100A4 activity is associated with NEOPLASM METASTASIS; FIBROSIS; and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
Saccharin - Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases - Calcium-transporting ATPases that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM into the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM vesicles from the CYTOPLASM. They are primarily found in MUSCLE CELLS and play a role in the relaxation of MUSCLES.
Secretin - A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain.
Selenic Acid - A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.
Serotonergic Neurons - Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN.
Serotonin - A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists - Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.
Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists - Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists - Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists - Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.
Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Agonists - Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS.
Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists - Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists - Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS.
Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists - Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Serotonin Agents - Drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. Among these are drugs that affect serotonin receptors, the life cycle of serotonin, and the survival of serotonergic neurons.
Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors - Drugs that selectively block or suppress the plasma membrane transport of SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE into axon terminals and are used as ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS.
Serotonin Antagonists - Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of serotonergic neurons. They are different than SEROTONIN RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to SEROTONIN. They remove SEROTONIN from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. Regulates signal amplitude and duration at serotonergic synapses and is the site of action of the SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS.
Serotonin Receptor Agonists - Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
Serotonin Syndrome - An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.
Silymarin - A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of silybin and its isomers, silicristin and silidianin. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent.
Sincalide - An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
Smallpox Vaccine - A VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine used for immunization against SMALLPOX. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to SMALLPOX VIRUS. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Rare complications most often associated with older generation smallpox vaccines include VACCINIA, secondary bacterial infections, and ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. Because MONKEYPOX VIRUS and SMALLPOX VIRUS are both ORTHOPOXVIRUS and are closely related smallpox vaccines provide effective CROSS-PROTECTION against MPOX (MONKEYPOX) (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/smallpox-vaccine.html).
Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors - Agents that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS which are concentrated in the thick ascending limb at the junction of the LOOP OF HENLE and KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA.
Sodium-Calcium Exchanger - An electrogenic ion exchange protein that maintains a steady level of calcium by removing an amount of calcium equal to that which enters the cells. It is widely distributed in most excitable membranes, including the brain and heart.
Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins - Monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active symporters. They utilize SODIUM or HYDROGEN IONS to transport GLUCOSE across CELL MEMBRANES.
Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1 - Na-K-Cl transporter in the ASCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE. It mediates active reabsorption of sodium chloride and is inhibited by LOOP DIURETICS such as FUROSEMIDE; and BUMETANIDE. Mutations in the gene encoding SLC12A1 are associated with a BARTTER SYNDROME.
Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2 - Na-K-Cl transporter ubiquitously expressed. It plays a key role in salt secretion in epithelial cells and cell volume regulation in nonepithelial cells.
Spironolactone - A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
Starch - Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.
Starch Phosphorylase - An enzyme of the PHOSPHORYLASES family that catalyzes the degradation of starch, a mixture of unbranched AMYLOSE and branched AMYLOPECTIN compounds. This phosphorylase from plants is the counterpart of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE in animals that catalyzes the reaction of inorganic phosphate on the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of glucans resulting in the release of glucose-1-phosphate.
Starch Synthase - An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glucose from ADPglucose to glucose-containing polysaccharides in 1,4-alpha-linkages. EC 2.4.1.21.
Sucrase - Digestive enzyme secreted in the INTESTINES. It catalyzes hydrolysis of SUCROSE to FRUCTOSE and GLUCOSE.
Sucrose - A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.
Sulfinpyrazone - A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.
Tardive Dyskinesia - Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).
Tetragastrin - L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.
Theophylline - A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.
Thioctic Acid - An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.
Ticrynafen - A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.
Tiopronin - Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.
Torsades de Pointes - A malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by HEART RATE between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and QRS complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. The term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long QT intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or BRADYCARDIA. Torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION.
Toxic Optic Neuropathy - Damage to the eye or its function (e.g., VISUAL IMPAIRMENT) due to OPTIC NERVE damage secondary to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.
Tragacanth - Powdered exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. It forms gelatinous mass in water. Tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative.
Triamterene - A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.
Trichlormethiazide - A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830)
Tromethamine - An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)
Tyropanoate - A diagnostic aid as a radiopaque medium in cholecystography.
UDPglucose 4-Epimerase - A necessary enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. It reversibly catalyzes the conversion of UDPglucose to UDPgalactose. NAD+ is an essential component for enzymatic activity. EC 5.1.3.2.
UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.
Urate Oxidase - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urate and unidentified products. It is a copper protein. The initial products decompose to form allantoin. EC 1.7.3.3.
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose - A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose - A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase - An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of UDPglucose to UDPglucuronate in the presence of NAD+. EC 1.1.1.22.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid - An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDPglucose from UTP plus glucose 1-phosphate. EC 2.7.7.9.
UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase - An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of UDPgalactose from UTP and galactose-1-phosphate. It is present in low levels in fetal and infant liver, but increases with age, thereby enabling galactosemic infants who survive to develop the capacity to metabolize galactose. EC 2.7.7.10.
Valproic Acid - A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.
Vasotocin - A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.
Viral Vaccines - Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Vitamin U - A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.
Xerostomia - Decreased salivary flow.
Xipamide - A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.
Instructional Notations
7th Character Note
Certain ICD-10-CM categories have applicable 7th characters. The applicable 7th character is required for all codes within the category, or as the notes in the Tabular List instruct. The 7th character must always be the 7th character in the data field. If a code that requires a 7th character is not 6 characters, a placeholder X must be used to fill in the empty characters.
- The appropriate 7th character is to be added to each code from category T50
7th Character
Indicates that a seventh character is to be assigned to codes in a subcategory.
- A - initial encounter
- D - subsequent encounter
- S - sequela
Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00–T88)
Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of drugs, medicaments and biological substances (T36-T50)
T50 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of diuretics and other and unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
T50.0 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists
T50.0X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists
T50.0X1 Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.0X1A Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.0X1D Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.0X1S Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.0X2 Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, intentional self-harm
- T50.0X2A Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.0X2D Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.0X2S Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.0X3 Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, assault
- T50.0X3A Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, assault, initial encounter
- T50.0X3D Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.0X3S Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, assault, sequela
T50.0X4 Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, undetermined
- T50.0X4A Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.0X4D Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.0X4S Poisoning by mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, undetermined, sequela
T50.0X5 Adverse effect of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists
- T50.0X5A Adverse effect of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, initial encounter
- T50.0X5D Adverse effect of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, subsequent encounter
- T50.0X5S Adverse effect of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, sequela
T50.0X6 Underdosing of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists
- T50.0X6A Underdosing of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, initial encounter
- T50.0X6D Underdosing of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, subsequent encounter
- T50.0X6S Underdosing of mineralocorticoids and their antagonists, sequela
T50.1 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics
T50.1X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics
T50.1X1 Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.1X1A Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.1X1D Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.1X1S Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.1X2 Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, intentional self-harm
- T50.1X2A Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.1X2D Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.1X2S Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.1X3 Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, assault
- T50.1X3A Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, assault, initial encounter
- T50.1X3D Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.1X3S Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, assault, sequela
T50.1X4 Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, undetermined
- T50.1X4A Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.1X4D Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.1X4S Poisoning by loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, undetermined, sequela
T50.1X5 Adverse effect of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics
- T50.1X5A Adverse effect of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, initial encounter
- T50.1X5D Adverse effect of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, subsequent encounter
- T50.1X5S Adverse effect of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, sequela
T50.1X6 Underdosing of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics
- T50.1X6A Underdosing of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, initial encounter
- T50.1X6D Underdosing of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, subsequent encounter
- T50.1X6S Underdosing of loop [high-ceiling] diuretics, sequela
T50.2 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics
T50.2X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics
T50.2X1 Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.2X1A Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.2X1D Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.2X1S Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.2X2 Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, intentional self-harm
- T50.2X2A Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.2X2D Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.2X2S Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.2X3 Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, assault
- T50.2X3A Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, assault, initial encounter
- T50.2X3D Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.2X3S Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, assault, sequela
T50.2X4 Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, undetermined
- T50.2X4A Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.2X4D Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.2X4S Poisoning by carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, undetermined, sequela
T50.2X5 Adverse effect of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics
- T50.2X5A Adverse effect of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, initial encounter
- T50.2X5D Adverse effect of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, subsequent encounter
- T50.2X5S Adverse effect of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, sequela
T50.2X6 Underdosing of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics
- T50.2X6A Underdosing of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, initial encounter
- T50.2X6D Underdosing of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, subsequent encounter
- T50.2X6S Underdosing of carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, benzothiadiazides and other diuretics, sequela
T50.3 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents
T50.3X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents
T50.3X1 Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.3X1A Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.3X1D Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.3X1S Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.3X2 Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, intentional self-harm
- T50.3X2A Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.3X2D Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.3X2S Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.3X3 Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, assault
- T50.3X3A Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, assault, initial encounter
- T50.3X3D Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.3X3S Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, assault, sequela
T50.3X4 Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, undetermined
- T50.3X4A Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.3X4D Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.3X4S Poisoning by electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, undetermined, sequela
T50.3X5 Adverse effect of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents
- T50.3X5A Adverse effect of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, initial encounter
- T50.3X5D Adverse effect of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, subsequent encounter
- T50.3X5S Adverse effect of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, sequela
T50.3X6 Underdosing of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents
- T50.3X6A Underdosing of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, initial encounter
- T50.3X6D Underdosing of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, subsequent encounter
- T50.3X6S Underdosing of electrolytic, caloric and water-balance agents, sequela
T50.4 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism
T50.4X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism
T50.4X1 Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.4X1A Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.4X1D Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.4X1S Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.4X2 Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, intentional self-harm
- T50.4X2A Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.4X2D Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.4X2S Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.4X3 Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, assault
- T50.4X3A Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, assault, initial encounter
- T50.4X3D Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.4X3S Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, assault, sequela
T50.4X4 Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, undetermined
- T50.4X4A Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.4X4D Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.4X4S Poisoning by drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, undetermined, sequela
T50.4X5 Adverse effect of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism
- T50.4X5A Adverse effect of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, initial encounter
- T50.4X5D Adverse effect of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, subsequent encounter
- T50.4X5S Adverse effect of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, sequela
T50.4X6 Underdosing of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism
- T50.4X6A Underdosing of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, initial encounter
- T50.4X6D Underdosing of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, subsequent encounter
- T50.4X6S Underdosing of drugs affecting uric acid metabolism, sequela
T50.5 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of appetite depressants
T50.5X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of appetite depressants
T50.5X1 Poisoning by appetite depressants, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.5X1A Poisoning by appetite depressants, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.5X1D Poisoning by appetite depressants, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.5X1S Poisoning by appetite depressants, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.5X2 Poisoning by appetite depressants, intentional self-harm
- T50.5X2A Poisoning by appetite depressants, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.5X2D Poisoning by appetite depressants, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.5X2S Poisoning by appetite depressants, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.5X3 Poisoning by appetite depressants, assault
- T50.5X3A Poisoning by appetite depressants, assault, initial encounter
- T50.5X3D Poisoning by appetite depressants, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.5X3S Poisoning by appetite depressants, assault, sequela
T50.5X4 Poisoning by appetite depressants, undetermined
- T50.5X4A Poisoning by appetite depressants, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.5X4D Poisoning by appetite depressants, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.5X4S Poisoning by appetite depressants, undetermined, sequela
T50.5X5 Adverse effect of appetite depressants
- T50.5X5A Adverse effect of appetite depressants, initial encounter
- T50.5X5D Adverse effect of appetite depressants, subsequent encounter
- T50.5X5S Adverse effect of appetite depressants, sequela
T50.5X6 Underdosing of appetite depressants
- T50.5X6A Underdosing of appetite depressants, initial encounter
- T50.5X6D Underdosing of appetite depressants, subsequent encounter
- T50.5X6S Underdosing of appetite depressants, sequela
T50.6 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of antidotes and chelating agents
T50.6X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of antidotes and chelating agents
T50.6X1 Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.6X1A Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.6X1D Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.6X1S Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.6X2 Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, intentional self-harm
- T50.6X2A Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.6X2D Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.6X2S Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.6X3 Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, assault
- T50.6X3A Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, assault, initial encounter
- T50.6X3D Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.6X3S Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, assault, sequela
T50.6X4 Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, undetermined
- T50.6X4A Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.6X4D Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.6X4S Poisoning by antidotes and chelating agents, undetermined, sequela
T50.6X5 Adverse effect of antidotes and chelating agents
- T50.6X5A Adverse effect of antidotes and chelating agents, initial encounter
- T50.6X5D Adverse effect of antidotes and chelating agents, subsequent encounter
- T50.6X5S Adverse effect of antidotes and chelating agents, sequela
T50.6X6 Underdosing of antidotes and chelating agents
- T50.6X6A Underdosing of antidotes and chelating agents, initial encounter
- T50.6X6D Underdosing of antidotes and chelating agents, subsequent encounter
- T50.6X6S Underdosing of antidotes and chelating agents, sequela
T50.7 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists
T50.7X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists
T50.7X1 Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.7X1A Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.7X1D Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.7X1S Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.7X2 Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, intentional self-harm
- T50.7X2A Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.7X2D Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.7X2S Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.7X3 Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, assault
- T50.7X3A Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, assault, initial encounter
- T50.7X3D Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.7X3S Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, assault, sequela
T50.7X4 Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, undetermined
- T50.7X4A Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.7X4D Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.7X4S Poisoning by analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, undetermined, sequela
T50.7X5 Adverse effect of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists
- T50.7X5A Adverse effect of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, initial encounter
- T50.7X5D Adverse effect of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, subsequent encounter
- T50.7X5S Adverse effect of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, sequela
T50.7X6 Underdosing of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists
- T50.7X6A Underdosing of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, initial encounter
- T50.7X6D Underdosing of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, subsequent encounter
- T50.7X6S Underdosing of analeptics and opioid receptor antagonists, sequela
T50.8 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of diagnostic agents
T50.8X Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of diagnostic agents
T50.8X1 Poisoning by diagnostic agents, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.8X1A Poisoning by diagnostic agents, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.8X1D Poisoning by diagnostic agents, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.8X1S Poisoning by diagnostic agents, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.8X2 Poisoning by diagnostic agents, intentional self-harm
- T50.8X2A Poisoning by diagnostic agents, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.8X2D Poisoning by diagnostic agents, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.8X2S Poisoning by diagnostic agents, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.8X3 Poisoning by diagnostic agents, assault
- T50.8X3A Poisoning by diagnostic agents, assault, initial encounter
- T50.8X3D Poisoning by diagnostic agents, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.8X3S Poisoning by diagnostic agents, assault, sequela
T50.8X4 Poisoning by diagnostic agents, undetermined
- T50.8X4A Poisoning by diagnostic agents, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.8X4D Poisoning by diagnostic agents, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.8X4S Poisoning by diagnostic agents, undetermined, sequela
T50.8X5 Adverse effect of diagnostic agents
- T50.8X5A Adverse effect of diagnostic agents, initial encounter
- T50.8X5D Adverse effect of diagnostic agents, subsequent encounter
- T50.8X5S Adverse effect of diagnostic agents, sequela
T50.8X6 Underdosing of diagnostic agents
- T50.8X6A Underdosing of diagnostic agents, initial encounter
- T50.8X6D Underdosing of diagnostic agents, subsequent encounter
- T50.8X6S Underdosing of diagnostic agents, sequela
T50.9 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of other and unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
T50.90 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
T50.901 Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.901A Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.901D Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.901S Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.902 Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm
- T50.902A Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.902D Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.902S Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.903 Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault
- T50.903A Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, initial encounter
- T50.903D Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.903S Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, sequela
T50.904 Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined
- T50.904A Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.904D Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.904S Poisoning by unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, sequela
T50.905 Adverse effect of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
- T50.905A Adverse effect of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.905D Adverse effect of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.905S Adverse effect of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, sequela
T50.906 Underdosing of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
- T50.906A Underdosing of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.906D Underdosing of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.906S Underdosing of unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, sequela
T50.91 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
T50.911 Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.911A Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.911D Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.911S Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.912 Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm
- T50.912A Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.912D Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.912S Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.913 Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault
- T50.913A Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, initial encounter
- T50.913D Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.913S Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, sequela
T50.914 Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined
- T50.914A Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.914D Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.914S Poisoning by multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, sequela
T50.915 Adverse effect of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
- T50.915A Adverse effect of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.915D Adverse effect of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.915S Adverse effect of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, sequela
T50.916 Underdosing of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances
- T50.916A Underdosing of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.916D Underdosing of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.916S Underdosing of multiple unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, sequela
T50.99 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances
T50.991 Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.991A Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.991D Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.991S Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.992 Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm
- T50.992A Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.992D Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.992S Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.993 Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault
- T50.993A Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, initial encounter
- T50.993D Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.993S Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, assault, sequela
T50.994 Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined
- T50.994A Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.994D Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.994S Poisoning by other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, undetermined, sequela
T50.995 Adverse effect of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances
- T50.995A Adverse effect of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.995D Adverse effect of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.995S Adverse effect of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, sequela
T50.996 Underdosing of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances
- T50.996A Underdosing of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.996D Underdosing of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.996S Underdosing of other drugs, medicaments and biological substances, sequela
T50.A Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of bacterial vaccines
T50.A1 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component
T50.A11 Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.A11A Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.A11D Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.A11S Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.A12 Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, intentional self-harm
- T50.A12A Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.A12D Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.A12S Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.A13 Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, assault
- T50.A13A Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, assault, initial encounter
- T50.A13D Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.A13S Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, assault, sequela
T50.A14 Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, undetermined
- T50.A14A Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.A14D Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.A14S Poisoning by pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, undetermined, sequela
T50.A15 Adverse effect of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component
- T50.A15A Adverse effect of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, initial encounter
- T50.A15D Adverse effect of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, subsequent encounter
- T50.A15S Adverse effect of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, sequela
T50.A16 Underdosing of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component
- T50.A16A Underdosing of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, initial encounter
- T50.A16D Underdosing of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, subsequent encounter
- T50.A16S Underdosing of pertussis vaccine, including combinations with a pertussis component, sequela
T50.A2 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component
T50.A21 Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.A21A Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.A21D Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.A21S Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.A22 Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, intentional self-harm
- T50.A22A Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.A22D Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.A22S Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.A23 Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, assault
- T50.A23A Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, assault, initial encounter
- T50.A23D Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.A23S Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, assault, sequela
T50.A24 Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, undetermined
- T50.A24A Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.A24D Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.A24S Poisoning by mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, undetermined, sequela
T50.A25 Adverse effect of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component
- T50.A25A Adverse effect of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, initial encounter
- T50.A25D Adverse effect of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, subsequent encounter
- T50.A25S Adverse effect of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, sequela
T50.A26 Underdosing of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component
- T50.A26A Underdosing of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, initial encounter
- T50.A26D Underdosing of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, subsequent encounter
- T50.A26S Underdosing of mixed bacterial vaccines without a pertussis component, sequela
T50.A9 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of other bacterial vaccines
T50.A91 Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.A91A Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.A91D Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.A91S Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.A92 Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, intentional self-harm
- T50.A92A Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.A92D Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.A92S Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.A93 Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, assault
- T50.A93A Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, assault, initial encounter
- T50.A93D Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.A93S Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, assault, sequela
T50.A94 Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, undetermined
- T50.A94A Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.A94D Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.A94S Poisoning by other bacterial vaccines, undetermined, sequela
T50.A95 Adverse effect of other bacterial vaccines
- T50.A95A Adverse effect of other bacterial vaccines, initial encounter
- T50.A95D Adverse effect of other bacterial vaccines, subsequent encounter
- T50.A95S Adverse effect of other bacterial vaccines, sequela
T50.A96 Underdosing of other bacterial vaccines
- T50.A96A Underdosing of other bacterial vaccines, initial encounter
- T50.A96D Underdosing of other bacterial vaccines, subsequent encounter
- T50.A96S Underdosing of other bacterial vaccines, sequela
T50.B Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of viral vaccines
T50.B1 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of smallpox vaccines
T50.B11 Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.B11A Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.B11D Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.B11S Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.B12 Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, intentional self-harm
- T50.B12A Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.B12D Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.B12S Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.B13 Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, assault
- T50.B13A Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, assault, initial encounter
- T50.B13D Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.B13S Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, assault, sequela
T50.B14 Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, undetermined
- T50.B14A Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.B14D Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.B14S Poisoning by smallpox vaccines, undetermined, sequela
T50.B15 Adverse effect of smallpox vaccines
- T50.B15A Adverse effect of smallpox vaccines, initial encounter
- T50.B15D Adverse effect of smallpox vaccines, subsequent encounter
- T50.B15S Adverse effect of smallpox vaccines, sequela
T50.B16 Underdosing of smallpox vaccines
- T50.B16A Underdosing of smallpox vaccines, initial encounter
- T50.B16D Underdosing of smallpox vaccines, subsequent encounter
- T50.B16S Underdosing of smallpox vaccines, sequela
T50.B9 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of other viral vaccines
T50.B91 Poisoning by other viral vaccines, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.B91A Poisoning by other viral vaccines, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.B91D Poisoning by other viral vaccines, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.B91S Poisoning by other viral vaccines, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.B92 Poisoning by other viral vaccines, intentional self-harm
- T50.B92A Poisoning by other viral vaccines, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.B92D Poisoning by other viral vaccines, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.B92S Poisoning by other viral vaccines, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.B93 Poisoning by other viral vaccines, assault
- T50.B93A Poisoning by other viral vaccines, assault, initial encounter
- T50.B93D Poisoning by other viral vaccines, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.B93S Poisoning by other viral vaccines, assault, sequela
T50.B94 Poisoning by other viral vaccines, undetermined
- T50.B94A Poisoning by other viral vaccines, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.B94D Poisoning by other viral vaccines, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.B94S Poisoning by other viral vaccines, undetermined, sequela
T50.B95 Adverse effect of other viral vaccines
- T50.B95A Adverse effect of other viral vaccines, initial encounter
- T50.B95D Adverse effect of other viral vaccines, subsequent encounter
- T50.B95S Adverse effect of other viral vaccines, sequela
T50.B96 Underdosing of other viral vaccines
- T50.B96A Underdosing of other viral vaccines, initial encounter
- T50.B96D Underdosing of other viral vaccines, subsequent encounter
- T50.B96S Underdosing of other viral vaccines, sequela
T50.Z Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of other vaccines and biological substances
T50.Z1 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of immunoglobulin
T50.Z11 Poisoning by immunoglobulin, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.Z11A Poisoning by immunoglobulin, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.Z11D Poisoning by immunoglobulin, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.Z11S Poisoning by immunoglobulin, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.Z12 Poisoning by immunoglobulin, intentional self-harm
- T50.Z12A Poisoning by immunoglobulin, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.Z12D Poisoning by immunoglobulin, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z12S Poisoning by immunoglobulin, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.Z13 Poisoning by immunoglobulin, assault
- T50.Z13A Poisoning by immunoglobulin, assault, initial encounter
- T50.Z13D Poisoning by immunoglobulin, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z13S Poisoning by immunoglobulin, assault, sequela
T50.Z14 Poisoning by immunoglobulin, undetermined
- T50.Z14A Poisoning by immunoglobulin, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.Z14D Poisoning by immunoglobulin, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z14S Poisoning by immunoglobulin, undetermined, sequela
T50.Z15 Adverse effect of immunoglobulin
- T50.Z15A Adverse effect of immunoglobulin, initial encounter
- T50.Z15D Adverse effect of immunoglobulin, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z15S Adverse effect of immunoglobulin, sequela
T50.Z16 Underdosing of immunoglobulin
- T50.Z16A Underdosing of immunoglobulin, initial encounter
- T50.Z16D Underdosing of immunoglobulin, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z16S Underdosing of immunoglobulin, sequela
T50.Z9 Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of other vaccines and biological substances
T50.Z91 Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, accidental (unintentional)
- T50.Z91A Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), initial encounter
- T50.Z91D Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), subsequent encounter
- T50.Z91S Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, accidental (unintentional), sequela
T50.Z92 Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, intentional self-harm
- T50.Z92A Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, intentional self-harm, initial encounter
- T50.Z92D Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, intentional self-harm, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z92S Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, intentional self-harm, sequela
T50.Z93 Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, assault
- T50.Z93A Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, assault, initial encounter
- T50.Z93D Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, assault, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z93S Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, assault, sequela
T50.Z94 Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, undetermined
- T50.Z94A Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, undetermined, initial encounter
- T50.Z94D Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, undetermined, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z94S Poisoning by other vaccines and biological substances, undetermined, sequela
T50.Z95 Adverse effect of other vaccines and biological substances
- T50.Z95A Adverse effect of other vaccines and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.Z95D Adverse effect of other vaccines and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z95S Adverse effect of other vaccines and biological substances, sequela
T50.Z96 Underdosing of other vaccines and biological substances
- T50.Z96A Underdosing of other vaccines and biological substances, initial encounter
- T50.Z96D Underdosing of other vaccines and biological substances, subsequent encounter
- T50.Z96S Underdosing of other vaccines and biological substances, sequela
Poisoning by, adverse effect of and underdosing of diuretics and other and unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances (T50)
